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What is the reasoning for using a surge tank? To reduce the distance the high pressure pump has to push the fuel?
The reasoning behind a fuel surge tank is to eliminate fuel starvation. The smaller fuel pump basically pumps under 0psi which is a higher flow rate than the bigger pump that is pressurized. This keeps the surge tank full at all times, so when you are under cornering or acceleration g's, the primary fuel pump (large pump) is never starved for fuel.